Beginning of The West Entrance to the Indonesian Nation to Achieve Independence After World War II Ended in 1945

Early history : Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Initial physical evidence that says the date is from the 5th century Hinduism patterned on the two kingdoms: the kingdom of West Java and mastering Tarumanagara Kutaisi on the coast of the Mahakam River, Borneo. In the 425 years of Buddhism had reached the area. At the moment Europe entered the Renaissance, the archipelago has had a legacy of thousands of years old civilizations with the two great kingdoms of Sriwijaya in Sumatra and Majapahit in Java, plus dozens of small kingdoms which often becomes a more powerful neighbor vazal or connected to each other in a kind of bond trading ( such as in Maluku).


Colonial Era:
Portuguese and Spanish colonization: Afonso (sometimes also written Alfonso) de Albuquerque. Because of this, which makes the Archipelago region then known by the Europeans and the beginning of centuries of colonization by the Portuguese along with other European nations, especially England and Holland. From the Tagus River which empties into the Atlantic Ocean the Portuguese fleet that was sailing the Atlantic Ocean, may take a month to three months, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From this exploration to proceed to the Moluccas Islands in search of spices, gold equivalent commodity at the time.

"In the 16th century when the adventure had begun normally sailors Catholic country was blessed by the priest and the king before sailing through the River Tagus," said Teresa. Monastery of St. Dos Jeronimus or the Monastery of Jeronimos Monastery in the Portuguese language was established by King Manuel in 1502 in place when Vasco da Gama started the adventure to the east. Portuguese Maritime Museum or Museu de Marinha mention it was founded by King Luis on July 22, 1863 to honor the Portuguese maritime history.

In addition to the statue in the park, painting of Afonso de Albuquerque is also a collection of the museum. Below the painting is written, "the governor of India from 1509 to 1515. The foundation stone of the Portuguese Empire in India, based in Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca. Pioneer of sea power policy as a central force kingdom. " Various Portuguese trade goods also exhibited at the museum, even a mound of pepper or pepper.

There are several motivations why the Portuguese Empire began an adventure to the east. Islamic historians and archaeologists in the book Rida Tjandrasasmita Indonesia-Portugal: Five Hundred Years of Historical Relationship (Cepesa, 2002), citing a number of historians, not to mention there is only one motivation of the Kingdom of Portuguese came to Asia. That expansion may be summarized in three words Portuguese language, namely feitoria, Fortaleza, and igreja. Its literal meaning is gold, glory, and churches or trade, military dominance, and the spread of Catholicism. According to Rida, Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor of the Estado da India Secondly, the Portuguese Empire in Asia, was the main architect of the Portuguese expansion into Asia. From Goa, he led an expedition to Malacca straight and got there early in July 1511 brought 15 large and small vessels and 600 soldiers. He and his troops defeated the Malacca August 10, 1511. Since then the Portuguese controlled the spice trade from Asia to Europe. After conquering Malacca, the Portuguese expedition led by Antonio de Abreu reached the Moluccas, the spice center. Triumph Portuguese Period in the archipelago: Period 1511-1526, over 15 years, the archipelago became an important maritime port for the Kingdom of Portugal, which regularly become a maritime route to get to the island of Sumatra, Java, Banda, and the Moluccas. In 1511 the Portuguese defeated the kingdom of Malacca. In 1512 the Portuguese to establish communication with the Kingdom of Sunda to sign a trade agreement, especially pepper. Trade agreement is then manifested on August 21, 1522 in the form of contract documents created duplicate, one copy to the king of Sunda and one for the king of Portugal. On the same day built a tablet called the inscription of the Sunda-Portugal Agreement in a place which is now the corner of Clove Road and East First Street Kali Besar, West Jakarta. With this agreement, the Portuguese allowed to build a warehouse or a fort at Sunda Kelapa.

In the year 1512 also sends Antonio Afonso de Albuquerque and Francisco Serrao Albreu to lead the fleet to find a way into the home of spices in the Moluccas. Throughout the trip, they stopped in Madura, Bali and Lombok. Skipper-skipper using Java, the fleet arrived in the Banda Islands, continue toward North Maluku until arriving at Ternate. Portuguese presence in Indonesia's archipelagic waters and has left traces of history that to this day is still maintained by local communities in the archipelago, particularly Flores, Solor and the Moluccas, in Jakarta Kampong monument located in the eastern part of Jakarta, between the time Cakung, Cilincing beach and soil Marunda.

Europeans first discovered the Moluccas is Portuguese, in the year 1512. At that time, two Portuguese fleet, each under the leadership of Anthony d'Abreu and Francisco Serau, landed in Banda Islands and Turtle Island. Once they make friends with residents and local lords - such as with Kingdom of Ternate on the island of Ternate, the Portuguese were given permission to establish a stronghold in Pikaoli, nor long Hitu Affairs, and Mamala Ambon.Namun Island spice trade relations did not last long , since the Portuguese introduced a system of monopoly at the same time doing the spread of Christianity. One is a famous missionary Francis Xavier. Arrived in Ambon, 14 February 1546, then traveled on to Ternate, arrived in 1547, and the tireless in their visits to the islands in the Maluku Islands to conduct religious propaganda. Portuguese Friendship and Ternate ended in 1570. Battle with Sultan Babullah during five years (1570-1575), allowed the Portuguese had to leave and expelled from the Tidore Ternate and Ambon.

Maluku people's resistance against the Portuguese, the Dutch used to set foot in the Moluccas. In 1605, the Dutch succeeded in forcing the Portuguese to give up its defense in Ambon to Steven van der Hagen and the Tidore to Sebastiansz Cornelisz. Similarly, the British fort at Kambelo, Seram Island, destroyed by the Dutch. Since then the Dutch overran large parts of Maluku. The position of the Dutch in the Moluccas getting stronger with the establishment of the VOC in 1602, and since then the Dutch became the sole ruler of the Moluccas. Under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Chief Operating Officer of the VOC, the clove trade in the Moluccas sepunuh under the control of VOC for nearly 350 years. For this purpose, the VOC did not hesitate to drive out competitors, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Even tens of thousands of people become victims of brutality VOC Maluku.

then they built a fort at Ternate in 1511, then in 1512 built the Citadel in Amurang North Sulawesi. Portuguese lost the war with Spain, the north Sulawesi area submitted in Spanish rule (1560 to 1660). Portuguese kingdom later united with the Kingdom of Spain. (Read the book: Portuguese Colonial History in Indonesia, by David DS Lumoindong). 17th-century merchant fleet came VOC (Dutch) who later managed to expel the Portuguese from Ternate, which then backwards and mastering Portuguese East Timor (since 1515). Colonialism and Imperialism in Indonesia started to emerge around the 15th century, which begins with the landing of the Portuguese in Malacca and the Netherlands, led the nation Cornelis de Houtmen in the year 1596, to find the source of spices and trade.
Spanish colonization: Fernando Magelhans (sometimes also written Ferdinand) Magelan. Because of this character, who led the first fleet to circumnavigate the world and prove that the earth is round, when it was known by Europeans of the earth was flat. Commencement of colonization for centuries by Spain with other European nations, especially the Portuguese, English and Dutch.From Spain to the Pacific Ocean, the Portuguese fleet that was sailing the Pacific Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From this exploration to proceed to the Moluccas Islands in search of spices, gold equivalent commodity at the time. "In the 16th century when the adventure had begun normally sailors Catholic country was blessed by the priest and the king before sailing through the ocean. Trinidad crew captured by the Portuguese and imprisoned and then with the help of sailors from the kingdom Babontewu Minahasa Manado and they can escape. The 12 sailors were then dwells dipedalaman Minahasa, to continue to Pontak Amurang, then after a few years they can make contact again with the Spanish fleet which had returned to the Philippines. 1522 Spain started the colonization of North Sulawesi in 1560 Spain established the post in Manado. Minahasa role as the rice granary of Spain while doing the business a total mastery of the Philippines.

In 1550 Spain has set up a fortress in the deceptive manner Head Wenang Walak howled Lasut uses cowhide from Bengal of India who led the Portuguese to Minahasa. Land area of cow leather which is the land area of referred spanish strap made of cowhide. Spain then use Mongodouw person to occupy the Portuguese fort at Amurang 1550s in Spain and eventually to occupy the Minahasa. And Dotu Walak Head (Head of State) have a child wails Lasut Tonaas fruit Wuri 'Young. Kema name associated with the development of the Spanish military base when

Bartholomeo de Soisa landed in 1651 and founded the port in the area called 'La Quimas.' The locals know this area with the name 'Maadon' or too 'Kawuudan.' The location of the Spanish fort located at the mouth of the river Kema, called by the Dutch, "Spanyaardsgat , "or Liang Spain.
Dr. J.G.F. Riedel mentions that the Spanish Armada had landed in exactly 100 years sebelumnya.Kema Kema develops as the mother country since the era of government Pakasaan Tonsea Dotulong Xavier, after taranak taranak Tonsea-old began to leave the country, namely Tonsea Ure and establish a new township-village. Xavier Letter Dotulong on three Februrari 1770 to the Governor of the VOC in Ternate revealed that his father, I. Runtukahu Lumanauw live in Kema and pioneered the development of this city. This was confirmed by the Ukung in Manado that claims to be descended dotu Bogi, eldest son of some dotu brothers as also cited in the letter of the Governor of Ternate Dotulong return to Xavier on November 1, 1772. Origin of name Kema.

Dutch missionaries, Domine Jacobus Montanus in his trip report letter on November 17, 1675, mentions that the name of Kema, referring to the term of Spain, is a mountain range which stretches from North to South. He writes that the word 'Tridacna' comes from the Minahasa, meaning conch. While the notion 'Kema' which comes from the Spanish word, 'Quema' ie, flame, or well lit. Understanding the actions associated with the Spanish sailors often make mischief burned area. Governor Robertus Padtbrugge in memory handover on August 31, 1682 mentions this place as "Pack of Grote Oesterbergen," meaning big mountains resembles a large shell. While the word Tonsea called 'Tonseka,' because it is located in the region Pakasaan Tonsea.

Hendrik Berton August 3, 1767 in the memory, Kema described as a port for the season in addition to the West Wind, also became the mother country Tonsea. This occurred due to disagreement between Manado with Kema by bird's nest on the island dispute Lembeh. Ukung-ukung party in Manado demanding equal rights in sharing with ukung-ukung Kema. Old time Ukung Dotulong Kema is Xavier.

Portuguese and Spanish is the cornerstone to expand the power of the Roman Catholic Church made the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean in the XV century. Besides Portuguese and Spanish are also camps for entrepreneurs and skilled workers when the origin of Constantinople from the Turks ruled the Ottoman empire in 1453. The settlement includes a transfer of knowledge and the maritime economy in Southern Europe. Since rose Portuguese and Spanish became great powers in Europe. Transfer of knowledge obtained from the original settlers of Constantinople which allows for both the country's expanding Hispanic new territories outside the mainland of Europe and the Mediterranean. The main target is the Asia-East and Southeast Asia. At first, the expansion of territory between two countries divided into Tordisalles agreement, in 1492. Whereas Spanish Portuguese East towards the West. That time there has been no picture of the world was round. Recently recognized as vessels display both sides met in the waters of the Celebes Sea. This fact also be the cause of a process of reformation of the church, because not all the "fatwa" of the church is the Law, until the image of the power of the Pope as a ruler and representative of God on earth and of absolute theokratis government system collapsed. This failure occurred with the advent of the Protestant Church Martin Luther and Calvin longer in Europe which later spread also to the different European colonies in Asia, Africa and America.

From Tordisalles agreement, the Portuguese coastal track from the African coast and Indian Ocean. While the Spanish track of the Atlantic, the South American continent and sailed the Pacific Ocean. The meeting occurred when Spanish ships led Ferdinand Maggelan browse the Pacific and arrived on the island Kawio, Sangir and Talaud archipelago in the Celebes Sea in 1521. To prevent competition in the waters of the Celebes Sea and North Maluku, both parties update the path through the agreement Saragosa in 1529. The agreement divides the region by conducting boundary line of seventeen degrees east longitude in the waters of North Maluku. But in the agreement,

Spain felt disadvantaged because they do not achieve commercial traffic with the archipelago spice. For that sent an expedition to the Western Pacific in 1542. In February of that year five Spanish ships with 370 crew leadership of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to the mansions of the Western Pacific from Mexico. The objective is to undertake a major expansion at the same time obtain the concession area and the spice trade in the North.

From this voyage landed Villalobos digugusan North archipelago called the Philippines, was taken from the name of the son of King Carlos V, ie, Prince Philip, heir to the kingdom of Spain. Even if the Philippines does not produce spices, but the arrival of the Spanish archipelago digugusan caused strong protests from the Portuguese. The reason is because the cluster of islands located in the western part, within its territory. While concentrating his attention on the Middle-America, Spain still wants concessions Maluku spice trade-dominated North who also want the Portuguese. But Spain pressured by the Portuguese to retreat to the Philippines. As a result Spain lost influence in North Sulawesi, which had previously been pockets of economic and community relationships with the Minahasa.

Introduction kuliler Spaniard in Minahasa

War in the southern Philippines also affect the economy of Spain. The main causes of the defeat of Spain also from the action of rebellion rower who serve Spanish ships. The system relies on Spanish shipping rower generally consists of the slaves of Spain. Usually ships Spain served approximately 500-600 oarsmen who are generally drawn from the population of Spanish-controlled territory. Rowers generally rebellion occurs when food rations running low and too limited in the long voyage, to overcome the Spanish spread the planting of crops including a variety of chili (rica), ginger (goraka), turmeric etc.

All are cultivated in each controlled territory to supply food logistics crews and hundreds of rowers. Since then eating culture "pidis" that the potion with a variety of cooking spices that Spanish seamen introduced to spread rapidly and be a hobby Minahasa society. There are also interesting from kuliler Spanish heritage, namely Panada culture. This cake is also the origin of the Latin-American population which was brought by the Spaniards through the trajectory Pacific. The difference is, the dough panada, the contents of the beef or lamb, while the typical panada Minahasa in the content of the fish.

Kema Town is the settlement of the Spaniards, starting from the "flippers" who settled and did not want to return to their ancestral land. They married local women and lived for generations. Kema later also known as the travelers Germany, Holland and England. They are also blended and assimilated with the local population, so that at Kema formed pluralistic society with a culture and enriches Minahasa plural and harmonious coexistence. That is why until the Minahasa people do not face the awkward and sociable people of the West. Getting rid of the Spanish colonization movement of the opponent. Minahasa also been at war with Spain that began in 1617 and ended in 1645. The war was triggered by the injustice of the Spanish against the Minahasa people, especially in the rice trade, as the main commodity at the time. Open war happen later in the year 1644-1646. End of the war was a total defeat of Spain, thus successfully expelled by the waranei (Minahasa knights).
Colonization VOC: Starting in 1602 the Netherlands gradually became the ruler of what is now Indonesian territory, by exploiting divisions among the small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The only one not affected is of Portuguese Timor, which remains controlled by Portugal until 1975 when integrated into Indonesian province called East Timor. The Dutch controlled Indonesia for nearly 350 years, except for a short period in which a small part of Indonesia ruled Britain after the Anglo-Dutch Java War and the period of Japanese occupation during World War II. When colonizing Indonesia, Netherlands East Indies Netherlands developed into one of the world's richest colonial power. 350 years of Dutch colonial rule for some people is a myth because the newly conquered territory of Aceh after the Netherlands close to bankruptcy.
VOC logo

In the 17th century the Dutch East Indies and 18 are not controlled directly by the Dutch government but by a trading company called the Dutch East Indies Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC). VOC has been given monopoly rights to trade and colonial activities in the area by the Dutch Parliament in 1602. Headquarters are in Batavia, now Jakarta. VOC main purpose was to defend the monopoly of the spice trade in the archipelago. This is done through the use and threat of violence against the population on the island spice, and against people of non-Dutch who tried to trade with their resident. For example, when the population of the Banda Islands continued to sell seeds of nutmeg to the British merchants, the Dutch troops to kill or deport almost the entire population and then populating the islands with the servants or slaves who worked in the nutmeg plantations. VOC became involved in the internal politics of Java at this time, and fought in several wars involving the leaders of Mataram and Banten.
Colonization of the Dutch government: After the VOC went bankrupt in the late 18th century and after a short British rule under Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Dutch government took over ownership of the VOC in the year 1816. A successful rebellion was crushed in Java Java War in 1825-1830. After the year 1830 the compulsory system, known as cultuurstelsel in Dutch began to be applied. In this system, the residents were forced to plant the results of the plantation into the world market demand at that time, such as tea, coffee etc.. Yield was then exported to foreign countries. These systems bring great wealth to the executive - both the Dutch and the Indonesian. This cultivation system is a government monopoly and was abolished in that time more freely after 1870.

In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical Policy (Dutch: a political Ethische), which included greater investment in education for indigenous people, and little political change. Under the governor-generals J.B. van Heutsz Dutch East Indies government to extend direct colonial rule throughout the Dutch East Indies, and thereby establish the foundation for the current state of Indonesia.

World War II: In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Dutch East Indies declared a state of siege and in July redirected exports for Japan to the United States and Britain. Negotiations with Japan aimed at securing supplies of aviation fuel in June 1941 failed, and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. That same month, factions from Sumatra Japanese assistance for a revolt against Dutch rule. The last Dutch forces were defeated Japan in March 1942. Japanese Occupation: In July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a public campaign and form a government that can provide answers to the needs of the Japanese military. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and the Kyai gain respect from the Japanese Emperor in 1943. However, experience of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia varied considerably, depending on where one lives and social status of that person. For those who live in areas that are considered important in warfare, they suffered torture, involved sexual slavery, arbitrary detention and execution, and other war crimes. The Dutch and Indonesian-Dutch mix is the target of the Japanese occupation.

In March 1945 the Japanese formed Business Investigation Agency Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). At its first meeting in May, Soepomo spoke of national integration and against personal individualism; while Muhammad Yamin suggested that the new nation should at once claim to Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, Portuguese Timor, and the whole area of the Dutch East Indies before the war. On August 9, 1945 Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman Wediodiningrat were flown to Vietnam to meet Marshal Terauchi. They were told that Japanese troops were to destruction but the Japanese want the independence of Indonesia on August 24. Proclamation of Independence: Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make decisions like that on August 16, Sukarno reads the "Proclamation" on 17 August 1945
which is also called "Indonesia Independence Day". The news of the proclamation spread via radio and leaflets while the Indonesian military forces during wartime, Motherland Defenders Forces (PETA), the youth, and others immediately set out to maintain the residence of Sukarno.

On August 18, 1945 Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) inaugurated as President Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as Vice President by the Constitution designed to use several days earlier. Later formed the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) as a temporary parliament until elections can be held. This group declared a new government on August 31 and want the Republic of Indonesia, which consists of 8 provinces: Sumatra, Borneo (excluding the territory of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei), West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku (including Papua) and East Nusa Southeast.

source:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Indonesia